Classical Civilisation Essay Example for Free

Classical Civilisation EssayTo what extent can we reconstruct the palace civilisation of Mycenae? What does the leaven tell us about their society and how they lived?This Golden Age, kept alive by Homers poetry, tells the story of an advanced society during a period in chronicle adorned by wealth and legends, believed to have been circa 1450 to 1100 BC. Assembling the limited evidence reveals the art and architecture of the Mycenaean World. The remains of the palaces show evidence of a spicy civilisation. The later Hellenics referred to this period as a Golden Age when men were bigger and stronger than they are now (Homers Iliad). This is a fascinating era glorified with heroes and victory, which coating to three millenniums later, still captures the curiosity of so many.The evidence used to reconstruct this period is questionable. There are archaeological finds, which include the sites and the artefacts. It is difficult to draw accurate conclusions from these due to thei r age. Then at that place are literary sources such as Homers Iliad and Odyssey. The problem with using these sources is that many people believe that Homer lived around 700BC, which pith the stories he tells will have been greatly adapted to his period. Additionally, others argue that there is little evidence proving that the books are not purely fictional.Architecture and construction proves wealth and culture. Increasingly influenced by Crete, the Mycenaeans began to build palaces of their own. Initially they modelled them on Minoan architecture. This implies that they sailed across the sea. Later they began to develop huge fortifications. Palaces were built throughout Hellas. The most famous Greek palace of the Mycenaean period was found at Mycenae, the city of the legendary Agamemnon who was anax of the expedition against Troy. Others were found in Pylos, Thebes, capital of Greece and Iolkos.They were logically constructed and shared the same features, which proves there was a link between them. They were obviously not isolate from nonpareil another. One may assume Mycenae was the main palace and possibly had a primeval infrastructure connecting it to the other sites.The centre of the palace was a columned porch called a megaron (figure 1). A throne would have also been found on one side. This implies they had a King who held an important role in society. The first floor appeared to have been used for storage and the second floor was where the women lived. The materials used to construct these buildings include rock candy blocks, mud brick, bonding timber and plaster, which proves the Mycenaeans were a resourceful, organised society. Their building technique is known as corbelling, where each successive row of stones in a breakwater is laid further out than the previous one below it.The palace of Pylos was the only one not to be fortified by huge walls, one of the main features of Mycenaean palaces. There were three types of citadels polygonal (var ious shaped blocks neatly fitted together), ashlar (squared blocks neatly fittedCyclopean walls 2 The Lions Gate together) and finally the famous cyclopean walls (huge, arcsecond stones yielding massive walls) called so because they were so large that it was believed only a Cyclops could have built them (figure 3).The walls at the palace of Mycenae, where The Lions Gate was uncovered in 1841, are 1100 meters long, protecting the dominating power of the Peloponnese (figure 4).These massive defences also show that the Mycenaeans felt the need to protect themselves from external threats.Houses were built below the citadel, which implies a close community. They were generally self-sufficient homes with a kitchen, altar and hearth. Their furniture was varied and frequently included a plaster bench, tables, foot-stoles and even bathtubs. Their homes appear to have been comfortable.More isolated homes were also uncovered in the hills (i.e. Mouriatada, on the west coast). The constructions were smaller and did not use such high quality masonry but did include a megaron and undercover houses. One may deduce from this that wealth peaked in and around the palaces.Water supplies were an equally important construction to ensure survival and well- world. The palace of Athens had a well, built within the walls, making it accessible, even if they were threatened by a siege.The cistern built at Mycenae at the end of the 13th century, wide underground beyond the walls, making it more vulnerable (figure 5).The Mycenaeans learned from the Minoans, in crafts, in efficient organisation and in writing. This is concluded from the similar architecture, tablets and pottery found. The curl of palace destructions on Crete around 1450 and the eventual fall of Knossos around1375 marked the start of the most flourishing period for the Mycenaeans.New pottery shapes and styles began. They produced three handled jars, kraters (large bowls) and kylikes (goblets with long stems). Backgrounds were being painted red or black as opposed to light, matt tones. Forms appeared more natural, like the Minoan art. They began to use floral decorations.Next, the Mycenaean Age espouse geometric patterns and abstract forms on its pottery. They made stirrup jars, yet another indication of Minoan influence.As the civilisation reached its height, so did the art. Vases were mass-produced for export as well as for use on the main land. Evidence of objects from afar were found at the Palace of Knossos, in Crete, which shows signs of huge wealth, probably due to the panorama of the island, the cross road of the Mediterranean in circa 1400 BC. The Mycenaeans were equally as good tradesmen as the Minoans. Their pottery was found in Sicily, Rhodes, Cyprus, Italy, Asia Minor, Northern Syria and Miletus, which suggests they were good sailors and traded with the east Mediterranean and Europe. In some places their influence seems so strong that one could think that they had permanent stronghold s there, what we may consider today a colonisation. However, they were not able to accede Asia Minor because of the Hittites, described as a strong, troublesome civilisation.

The Madding Crowd Essay Example for Free

The Madding Crowd EssayWhen Fanny is trying to recrudesce troys attention she throws a snowball at his window but her throw misses the window and stouthearted describes this as the throw was the idea of a populace conjoined with the execution of a woman with such imbecility. This shows Hardys views on women and how they ar looked down on by the male figures. When Troy and Fanny are talking, Troy seems to non willing to talk to fanny and is trying to get outside, this may be because he is dishonored to be with her and he thinks the other soldiers and they may think that she is just a prostitute. Troy tries to put Fanny of drawing him when they are talking because when she asks when they will be getting married he says Oh, I see. Well you have to get proper clothes. Throughout this chapter you can tell that in the nineteenth atomic number 6 men are classed before women. Another part of Far for the Madding Crowd that I find of interest is in Chapter 16, this is where Fanny turns up at the wrong church to marry Troy. Troy feels very humiliated by this in front of many people including the priest, congregation and fri stops of theirs.Troy directs his angry towards Fanny, this shows that women have no control oer the men because in nineteenth century men were the more superior people in a relationship. If abject Fanny did not confuse the both churches, All Souls and All Saints, past she would have become Troys wife. If she did become Troys wife this would have firstly, stopped her from being shunned from society for being with child(predicate) outside of pairing and secondly would have stopped Troy marrying Bathsheba. I think that Troy over reacted to Fannys mistake and he should of forgiven her if he did forgive her could have married her the bordering day which is what she asked for.Also if he had forgiven Fanny and then he would not have had to live to regret how he treated poor Fanny. In Chapter 39, where Bathsheba and Troy are returning home from Casterbridge, they pass a small lonely figure on Turnpike Road. This person was Fanny Robin. Fanny had not been keep in the book for many chapters and no one had seen her for a period of time. When they saw poor Fanny they stopped and familiarized with each other. This caused problems between Bathsheba and Troy. Bathsheba then rides alone in the carriage while Troy walks. This could symbolize their futures.Troy has no consideration for womens feelings you can tell this by when he is wasting away Bathshebas and his silver on gambling. After this he shows that he has realized that he has faulted and he offers to help Fanny when she tells him that she has no money. Troy then gives around money to Fanny and then soon after promises her that he will help her in the future. This is normal in the nineteenth century for women to be relying on the man for their money and upbringing. Fannys journey to Casterbridge in Chapter 40 brings the reader to feel sorry for her and have sympath y for her.Hardy uses pathetic fallacy to show her suffering and the poor conditions she is in. Now there was not a rustle, not a breeze, not the faintest clash of twigs to keep her company. This shows that she is exhausted and lonely. When Fanny is alone during the late stages of her pregnancy, outside of marriage, she does not receive any help from humans, but receives it from a dog the same dog that was chased away by the humans. This dog could represent Fanny because she may have felt like she had been chased away from society for being large(predicate) outside of marriage.Fanny does not deficiency the help from anyone else but Troy. She took Troys word, which was that he would meet her in Casterbridge and he would help her. Another reason Fanny did not want the help from any other person than Troy was because she did not want anyone finding out about(predicate) her being pregnant because she is not married to Troy because of this Fanny decides to keep her identity hidden. Eve n though she has unplowed her identity hidden she has still been taken in by the ivy covered almshouse they ask no questions and were willing to keep her secrets. The next chapter which takes my interest is Chapter 41.This chapter is about when Bathsheba is with Troy at Loggerheads. Troy asks Bathsheba for money to gamble with, she asks him not too but he still does. This shows that Troy will do as he pleases this would have been normal for nineteenth century men to rule over their wives. Fanny threatens Troy and Bathshebas marriage by Bathsheba discovering the lock of Fannys hair that Troy owns. Towards the end of this chapter, Joseph Poorgrass, a carter who works on Bathshebas farm speaks to Bathsheba. I think that he knew about Fannys pregnancy and how she died. Bathsheba then started asking him questions on how she did die.In the nineteenth century it was very common for a mother to die during childbirth because they did not have the technology and hygiene we have today. Bathshe ba knew that many women died giving birth and so she was anxious to know is this is how poor Fanny died. Joseph Poorgrass is unaware that people do not know about Fannys pregnancy and so on the coffin Poorgrass writes small fry and F. Robin but soon after oak tree runs out because he cares about Bathsheba and does not want her finding out that Fanny had left because she was pregnant and also Oak does not want her to feel upset about this.In the nineteenth century if a woman decided she did not want to marry a man then she was be socially disapproved and some may even pity her. If the woman decided not to marry then she would not be able to have children because it was wrong to do so. The husband had the access to the womans body when he wanted it, she could not say no. this was agree in the wedding ceremony in the vows and by law. If the woman did decide to stay single and not marry then it would be hard to get a job because usually only men would work while the women would stay at home and the man would be the one that pays for anything that is a necessity. umpteen people of the nineteenth century think that it is a sin to God to disobey the laws, and in this case the law was sex outside of marriage. In Chapter 43 you saw many different views on Fanny all because she was single and pregnant. Chapter 43 also reveals that Troy did have true feelings for Fanny once he finds out that she has died when he sees her dead body he realizes that he did love her. Bathsheba is with him when he reveals his love for Fanny and she is very hurt by this. Troy tells Bathsheba that she core nothing to him because of his love for Fanny.Although Troy is very hurt because of his loss of Fanny he does not realize that he is upsetting Bathsheba and he accuses her of dumping him. He wanted to believe because if it wasnt for Bathshebas flirting Troy would have married poor Fanny and she would not have been an outcast of society because she would have then been pregnant in a marriage . Another main character in Far from the Madding Crowd would be Bathsheba Everdene. Bathsheba takes my interest in womens experiences in the nineteenth century this is because she is so different to all other women that lived in that period of time.Bathsheba owns and runs a farm this was usually the mans job because women were not meant to be as independent as some may say Bathsheba was. You can tell that Bathsheba comes across as a very independent woman from an early stage in the book. In Chapter 3, Gabriel Oak was watching how Bathsheba rode her horse and Hardy wrote hardly expected of a woman she rode in the manner demanded by the saddle this means that she was not ridding the horse in a lady-like fashion, which was side saddling, but she rode the horse with one leg either side of the horse.Oak was very impressed by the way she rode the horse. While go the horse it says that she drops backwards flat upon the ponys back, her head over its tail, her feet against its shoulders and her eyes to the sky Towards the end of the chapter Bathsheba yet again amazes Gabriel Oak by rescuing him from his smoke filled hut. He wakes up on her lap usually it would be the other way round and the man would have saved the woman. The young girl with remarkably grateful lips and white teeth was beside him.More than this astonishingly more his head was upon her lap, his face and neck were disagreeably wet, and her fingers were unbuttoning his collar. This sort of quote was unusual for the nineteenth century because in novels they would never discuss anything sexual as they thought it was a very wrong. After Bathsheba saves Oak she says that it was foolish of him to leave his hut while there was a fire in it. No woman would usually say this to a man in the nineteenth century because the man was always in down and so he would not have liked to be told what was right and what was wrong.

Private Sector Participation in Water Supply

Private Sector Participation in Water SupplyASSESSMENT OF PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION (PSP) IN WATER SUPPLY IN ABRAKA AND ITS ENVIRONS, DELTA STATE, NIGERIAS. I. EfeDepartment of Geography and Regional PlanningDelta State University, Abraka. Delta State, NigeriaABSTRACTThis study assessed the level of common soldier fight in pissing provide in Abraka and the presumable problem militating against their effective operation. This study involved personal field observation and questionnaire survey to each the backstage owners of water system projects in Abraka. This gives a total of 188 questionnaires administered. The data collected were presented in tables and statistical diagram. Percentages were also us ed for the data analysis. The result revealed a towering level of cloistered participation in water cater in Abraka. This is evident from 188 f wholly out of 202 functioning water projects in Abraka, thus. it indicate that over 93% (percentage) of water projects in Abraka atomic number 18 own by private individuals. The operators are however faced with the problem of epileptic superpower supply, hike in pump process of fuel ( diesel engine and petrol, theft and forethought cost, it is indeed recommended that Abraka should be linked to the national grid and more feeder transformers should be supplied to Abraka communities 4.y Delta State political relation. Government should also resuscitate the existing universal water organisation in Abraka to minimise the money spent on water by Abraka inhabitants.Keywords Private Sector, Participation, Water Supply, AbrakaINTRODUCTIONThe supply of water to the inhabitants of urban body politics has been the responsibilities of Local, State and federal official organization. As such, there has been pressure in governance resources and the government can no longer foot the servicing and maintenance of many socio infrastructures in the countries (Adesuyi, 1996). For grammatical case in Nigeria many hydrau lic facilities have been incapacitated and break down completely because of pressure from the increasing population of cities without corresponding expansion or maintenance in these water projects. And some even breaks down soon after commissioning (Efe, 2003). In Abraka its population has increased from 5,006 in 1985 to 57,444 in 1998, and its project to increase to over 66,738 by 2005 and there is no expansion in the existing water facilities. Presently little could one identifS any government owned water project that provide water effectively and regularly to the inhabitants of Abraka, except dilapidated overhead tanks. Thus there has been acute scant(p)age of water supply to Abraka communities. As such, the inhabitant now trek long distance at an sightly of 1-3km to river Ethiope and Ovwuvwe to get drinking and other domestic water, there they bath and do more or less of their washing (Plates, Clothes ete). Because of this problem there are complains by the inhabitants to g overnment and private individuals, but there was no change of operational berth by government. However, there has been large increased in Private Sector Participation (PSP) in water supply in recent times in Abraka. This view has been noned Oyebande (1981), Adesuyi (1996) and John (2002). So the private individual seize this opportunity to drill boreholes in their compound for personal use and commercial uses as well. Though the price of water is on the high side for example 20 litres can cost as high as N5.00 to N8.0O in most of the communities. Recently the government of Delta State came out with a policy that every borehole owners should come to the state capital to lodge with Nb, 000.00 for commercial bores and N3,500.00 for private and pay an yearly subscription graze of N2,500.00 and NI,500.00 for commerci solelyy and privately owned bore holes in the state. But the owners of these private boreholes are hesitant to register and pay the said amount reflection that water is a free gift of nature, and the government who suppose to provide water has failed, and even electricity to power their submersible pump government is not providing, why then is the demand for registration. Based on the foregoing, this study is aimed at assessing the level of PSP in water supply, the voluntaryness of the private sectors to register and pay the annual subscription and to nominate the limiting factors militating against effective PSP in water supply in Abraka.STUDY AREAAbraka is located between latitude 545 and 550 North of the equator and longitude 6 and 6 15 East. It covers an area of 168.43 sqkm, and a height of 45m above sea level. It is drain by two rivers, River Ethiope to the West and River Ovwuwve to the south eastern extent at the landmass. It has a gentle slope to the two rivers. The area is made of loamy and sandy soil (Efe and Aruegodore, 2003). Abraka fell within the tropical purlieu that enjoys the tropical rainforest climate (AF) of Koppen in 1919 a nd the wet equatorial of Strahier in 1969.Generally speaking, Abraka and its environs had an annual mean temperature of 3 0.6C, and mean calendar monthly temperature that span from 30C in September to 31.1C in June and July. The area experiencing heavy amount of rainfall that spans for 12 months period. Annual rainfall chiefly ranges from 2,703mm in 1977 to 3,647mm in 1989. However, the annual mean rainfall is 3,098mm. This indicates that Abraka experiences heavy and torrential rainfall throughout this period. The mean monthly distribution of rainfall in Abraka span 25.8mm in the month of December to 638.9mm in September. This indicates that December recorded the lowest rain amount while September recorded the month with the highest rainfall amount as such there is no distinct dry season. In recent time Abraka has witnessed a rapid population increased, from a population of 55 510 during the 19991 Census, to estimated population valuate of 60 000 in 2004.This is as a result of the increase in the population of Delta State University students. This increase has also led to rapid urban maturation and without commensurate growth in infrastructural facilities of the areas.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe research designed employed in this study involves a field survey of personal observation and questionnaire administration to all the operators of bores in Abraka. Abraka was stratified into five zones based on the 5 political delineation (wards) already in existed. The researcher and 20 of his field assistants (hydrology students) visited each of the zones at five different occasions between March May 2005 (one zone each thy) to count the total number of hydraulic project existing in them and to administered questionnaire to each of them. The researcher waited for them to fill them and collect the questionnaire at the spot from them. The questionnaire covers the following when the bores are sunk, the owners cost (prices) of water supply and their willingness to regist er with government and pay the annual water rate fees and likely problem encountered during operation. This took us to Umeghe, Uhuoka, Ekrejeta, Abraka urban, Ajalomi, Urhuovie, Erho, Oria waterside, Ovwodo, Ekreseme, Urhuagbesa, Otorho and Ugono. A total of 188 questionnaires were administered to the 188 private operators of boreholes in Abraka. The data collected re summarised in table 1 4 and expressed in percentages.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results from the field observations are presented in table 1,2,3, and 4 and discussed belowTable 1 rate of water projects in each community and their ownersSource Authors fieldwork, 2005.Table I showed that a total of 202 hydraulic projects (bores) were located in all the communities in Abraka and its environs, Abraka urban (town), which housed the Delta State University recorded the highest concentration of bores, with a value of 68, out of which 63 hydraulic projects were owned by private individuals, 2 owned by non-governmental organisat ion and 3 owned by governmental They are sited at Delta State University to serve the need of staff and students on campus. This signifies 93%, 4% and 3% respectively lhr private, government and nongovernmental organisation. The 3 governments owned bores were sited at Delta State University, Abraka. Urhuoka and Ekrejeta follow this with 26 with 34 bores owned solely by private individuals respectively. Others are Oria waterside, Urhuovie, Ovwodo and Umeghe with 16, 13 and 109 bores respectively. At Oria waterside, Ovwodo and Uineghe all the boreholes are owned by private individuals, while at Urhuovie, out of the 13 water project, 10 are owned by private, 1 by community effort and 2 by government. These showed that private individuals own 77% of the water projects at Urhuovie. While the community and government own 8% and 15% of the bores respectively. The rest communities on table 1 showed less than 8 bore with the exception of Erho with 9 bores (8 private and 1 government owned). Generally, out of the 202 bores that is presently located in Abraka and its environs, 188 are owned by private individuals, 8 by government. 5 by non governmental organisation and I by community effort (see fig 1).Fig.1 Operators of Bores in AbrakaSource Authors fieldwork, 2005This showed that there is a high level of PSP in provision of water to the inhabitants of Abraka. Thus water supply in Abraka is mostly under the auspices of the PSP. The reason for increased PSP in water supply according to the operators of the bores is that government has failed in its entirety in providing this basic necessity of biography to the ever increasing population of Abraka, and also to make life better for their own people in Abraka and the student who resides off campus, lastly because of the fact that all the water projects owned by urban and clownish water board in Abraka have packed-up and no attempt by the government to repair them. Most water from the private bores in Abraka urban is att ached to hostels for students use. For instance out of the 68 bores located in Abraka main town 35 were connected to hostels, where majorities of the inhabitants are students, 25 sunk solely for commercial and household use, while 8 have been connected to private homes similarly 135 (over 71%) of the 188 water projects in Abraka and its environs, are used for commercial purpose (see table 2). Some owners of these bores also have their house connected to their owned bores.Table 2 Types of bores in AbrakaSource Authors fieldwork, 2005On the other hand, less than 30% of the privately owned boreholes were connected to private houses and solely for private uses. However most of the boreholes were sunk between 2000 and 2005 respectively. For instance, out of the 202 functioning water projects existed presently in Abraka 153 were sunk between 2000 2005 while 49 were sunk during or between 1989 1999 (see table 3)Table 3 Years bores were sunkSource Authors fieldwork 2005.Table 3 also showe d that out of the 219 water projects seen in Abraka, 15 were sunk before 1989, 51 in 1989 and 1999, and 153 between 2000 and 2005. Out of these, 17 are bad and stop functioning fewer years after commissioning Leaving 202 bores. According to the inhabitants, most of these packed-up projects sunk by petroleum trust fund (PTF) during the Babagida regime. However the year 2004 witnessed rapids sitting of bores in Abraka. For instance the field observation revealed that a total 58 bores were sunk in 2004 alone. Presently there are 23 drilled bores not tho connected to the overhead tank (i.e. they are still under construction) when asked they said they occasionally pump water from these bores for block moulding and building of houses. The owners of these bores capitalised on the non-existence of public tap to increase the price of water in the area. For instance, 20 litres of water is sold as high as 5.00 N8.00 in some communities (most especially in Abraka urban). An interview with so me of the inhabitants seen buying water from these sources revealed that though these privately owned bores have really alleviated the problem of water shortage in Abraka, because of their short distances and efficiency, but the price of the water is very high. For instance the price of 20 litres can cost as high as N5.00 or N8.00 on the average in most of these communities. Due to this high price most households have to down size the quantity of water use per day and whenever it rains, they fill all available bowls with rainwater, and little quantity of about 20 litres for drinking is usually bought from the private bores. The interviewed also revealed that high proportion of the bores owners in Abraka are willing to pay and register with the Urban Water Board provided the government of Delta State could provide regular supply of electricity to their communities. This is evident from 153 out of the 188 private bores owners who indicated their willingness to register with the Urban Water Board at Asaba (see table 4)Table 4 Number of bores owners who are will to register with governmentSource Authors Fieldwork, 2005Their justification of willing to pay is that ground water is one of the natural resources that are owned by the government, and anybody extracting natural resources pays certain amount of money to the government. The operators of the bores sketch the following as a limiting factors in order of severity epileptic power supply, high prices of diesel and fuel, theft and maintenance cost. They all generally stressed that because of the epileptic power supply they no longer depend on electricity (NEPA) rather on generating plants to power their water project, and that the prices or diesel and petrol have further increased the running cost, which they shifted to the consumer. Thus a change in the price of 20 litres cans from N2.00 to N5.00 or N8.00 depending on the circumstances. Similarly, because of the high rate of insecurity most of the submersible p ump have been lost to theft, and now they engages the services of security men to guard these water pumps, which according to them cost as high as N4, 500.00 or N7, 500.00. They therefore call on the government of Delta State to provide more transformers, in Abraka or if possible linked Abraka to the Ogorode power line, since it will serve the Main Campus of the Delta State University, Abraka. The major problem militating against effective water supply to the inhabitants of Abraka are ascribed to high cost of hydraulic equipment and drilling of the bores, epileptic power supply, theft and the recently introduced 1 0, 000 and N3, 500 bores registration fees by the Delta State government.CONCLUSIONThis study has been able to show that there is a high rate of PSP in water supply in Abraka. Out of the 202 functioning water project in Abraka 188 are owned and maintained by private individuals. The study also revealed that 188 privately owned bores, supply water regularly to the inhabitan ts of Abraka, though the price of N5.00 8.00 is on the high side. The problem of epileptic power supply and theft are major limiting factors to effective water supply. It is therefore recommended that Abraka community should be regarded as a priority or special area and linked to the national grid or Ogorode power supply. When this is done it will enhanced regular power supply that will better the entire life being of the residents of Abraka.REFERENCESAdesuyi, D. (1996), Nigeria Produces 25 year water Master Plan. Ultimate Water Technology and Environment 1(1) 17-19pp.Efe S.I. (2003), Water quality and its utilisation in the Nigerian rural setting of Abraka Delta State International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics Maiden (ed) 81-86.John, T. (2002), Opinion World Summit of Sustainable development, private sector participation in the water sector in the water sector published by international institute for environment and development U.S.A., UK.Oyebande, L. (1981) The h ydrology of water supply A case of Jos in P.O. Sada and J.S. Oguntoyinbo edited Urbanisation Processes in Nigeria, Ibadan University press. 141-149.

Causes of Air Pollution | The Impact of Air Pollution

Ca substance abuses of Air Pollution The Impact of Air PollutionAir taint is the chemical, particulate, and biological matter that back harm or dis pull human, living organism, or the natural surround into the atmosphere. In this digest, the look forer team up studied the vexs and forces of the teleph one and only(a) circuit pollution in the United Arab Emirates and observed and bequeath discuss the main dresss of the pollution and their personal effects on the environs. Also, some statistics most the fortune of aerate pollution bequeath be discussed from previous studies in the UAE much(prenominal) as g overnanceal and private statistical selective information. In addition, solution for protecting the personal credit line pollution will be studied in disposition to have better environment to live in. Additionally, the team will discuss a case charter regarding the effects of air pollution in UAE.The stopping point of the contrive is to argonna the cause of the air pollution in UAE and how it substructure make the environment. Also, the next goal is to give some solutions that can save the environment and give some awareness in protecting the air pollution.In the past fifty long time, UAE had an excessive development in many fields such as buildings, industries, and transportation after oil discovering. Due to the increases of the projects, the air starts getting many pollutants such as dusts, Chemical particle acceleratores, Carbon Dioxide liberations which led to an increase in the air pollution. Statistics show that the United Arab Emirates is the fourth highest country in Carbon Dioxide emissions between the Arab countries and 32 all over the world. The steady increase in the air pollution can affect the man in the short term and long term such as Acid rain and health difficulty which lead to study the pollution in the region.LimitationIn this project, the research team will study the air pollution in the UAE and will not go further to Middle East or the world due to time limitation and amount of work that have been through for the topic. The time stay of the research topic will be for the last five years. It is just the industry and civilization has been spread widely in UAE at this period which will be enough for the research time. In addition, the research team will get from previous studies and statistics about air pollution in UAE due to dearth in resources and equipment for the topic.Review of the LiteratureHistory of air pollution in UAEThe problem relates with the air pollution has been in the UAE since 1958 after discovering the oil field in Abu Dhabi and some new(prenominal) one in Dubai 1966. The problem of air pollution start increase steadily after the first industry came in Abu Dhabi 1966 then another one in the Al Ain and Sharjah in 1969.there is many industries can affect enormously in the region. According to the Ministry of Environment and Water in UAE, 6 Industries produced diffe rent dangerous chemical organic, 9 industries produces cements which can also affect the air and 2 other industries has been shut down due to violent in regulation and the gas emission. There are now 3593 Industries in UAE as you can see in table below. The most industries are in Jabel Ali at large(p) Zone and the Sharjah Industrial Areas.CitiesAbu DhabiDubaiSharjahAjmanUm Al QuwainRAKFujairahTotalNo of Industries409149187449353212613593Percentage11.38%41.50%24.33%13.72%1.48%5.90%1.70%100.00%Table outcome of Industries in UAE (UAE Export and Indusry directly, 2010)The number of cars has been increased dramatically for the last 20 years the statistics below show the number of increase in cars in 2009 in Dubai.Type of car blank VehiclesHeavy VehiclesLight BusHeavy BusLight Mechanical VehiclesHeavy Mechanical VehicleMotorcycleLeisure MotorcycleVehicle for disableTOTALNumber of car837765557682578222317767118714178441541021879Table Number of car in Dubai 2009 (Dubai statistical centr e, 2009)There are authentically a spacious problem with the huge increment of the cars which really cause a huge traffic because statistics show UAE is one of the highest countries in the traffic especially in Dubai and Sharjah which can cause really a huge problem such as the car air pollution. Studies showed that 80% from the air pollution in Dubai came from the emissions of gases from cars.There were many ways to trust and start of protecting air pollution. In 1993, Dubai Municipality started putting some of the air quality stations remains to protect the gas emissions in the city. Also, in 1993, UAE federal government imposed some laws in order to prevent the air pollution. As we can see today there are many government organization and many laws that control the area such UAE air control monitoring laws.Causes and effects of air pollution in UAEThe first cause is repel vehiclesMotor vehicles are considered one of the main causes of air pollution, as there is a steady incre ase in the number of production annually. Moreover, Vehicles have the largest dissemble on environment. As a result, motor vehicles produce more than air pollution. According to statistical report, the population growth was less than the production of motor vehicles, as the population growth was cardinal percent and the motor vehicles production was five percent. In addition, vehicles major cause for air pollution is the static combustion of fogey fuel. Also the smoke produced from the burning of the fuel produces many harmful gases, the main ones are, Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxide (NO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).Figure Air Toxic Emissions from on roadway Mobile SourceCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxide is a toxic colorless gas which is emitted from the tail pipe of the car. The reason behind emission such gas into the environment is either the lack of maintained of the vehicle, such as, broken air bumps and dirty filters, or the incomplete combustion of the fuel. doCO toxic ity is one of the most fatal air poisoning around the world. Although it is tasteless and colorless, it is high in toxicity. This is because it combines with hemoglobin forming carboxyhemogoblin, which decreases the efficiency of red blood cells to transfer oxygen to organic structure tissues. Moreover, this process is known as anoxemia. Additionally, small concentrations such as 677 ppm (parts per million) can cause the conversion of more than fifty percent of the bodys hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin , which can cause seizure, coma, and fatality. The most common signs of poisoning are such as headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue and a feeling of weakness. Also, it can affect the nervous system, as it can cause confusion, disorientation, visual disturbance, syncope and seizures. Further, it can cause the damage to the heart and the fetus of the pregnant women.Nitrogen OxideNitrogen oxide is one of the most toxic gases which can be produced from the car engines, incomplet e combustion of fogy fuel and fertilizers.EffectsThe Nitrogen oxides can help in the formation of the acid rain, it is a major component part in global thaw, it slows down the growth of plants, it can react with other pollutants thus, forming more toxic chemicals. Nitrogen oxides effects are nausea, irritated eyes and nose, suave forming in lungs and tininess of breath. Furthermore, inhaling large amount of Nitrogen oxides can lead to rapid, burning seizure inflammation of throat reduced oxygen ingestion a larger buildup of fluids in lungs thus death. Nitrogen oxides can interact with aerosols which can cause enormous respiratory problems. As well, Nitrogen oxides can lead to ageless visual impairment in the area bear upon by it.Sulfur dioxideSulfur dioxide is a chemical compound which has the formula of SO2, it is produced when coal and fuel is burned, as fuel and sulfur contains sulfur compounds.EffectsThe sulphur dioxide is very dangerous, as it causes breathing problems, suc h as, alteration in the lungs defences, deterioration in respiratory system and cardiovascular disease. As well, Ones who suffer from asthma, chronic lung and heart disease are the largely sensitive to SO2. Additionally, it can lead to the damage of trees and crops. SO2, by the side of nitrogen oxides, are the major pioneers in formation of acid rain, which causes the acidification of lakes and streams, speed up the corrosion of buildings and reduced visibility. SO2 also contributes in climate change.The second cause is vapourific organic compoundsVolatile organic compounds are organic materials that have significant vapor pressure as a result, it is easy for these organic compounds to evaporate cursorily at a very low temperature. Further, some of these gases are considered dangerous on humans health, the environment and the ozone layer. Additionally, the major sources for the VOC are paints, coatings, Chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons.Painting and coatings utilize in doors emit ethyl acetate, glycol ethers, and acetone, which are very harmful to the human beings health. Additionally, chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons, they are widely apply in dry cleaning and the production of fossil fuel.EffectsCertain kinds of VOCs, such as styrene and limonene, can go on with a react ion with nitrogen oxides, or with ozone thus, producing new oxidation products. Moreover, it can produce secondary aerosols, which can lead to sensory irritation symptoms. What is more, it can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination and nausea, damage to liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Additionally, it can lead to cancer in animals and cancer in humans.The third cause is DeforestationDeforestation is the removal of forest or a group of tress and then the land is converted to non forest use. There are many reasons regarding deforestation, such as, Urban and Construction Purposes, as they use the wood obtained from trees for building materia ls, furniture, and study products. Moreover, Forests are also removed to provide accommodation for escalating urban areas. Furthermore, Forests are removed so that to clear land for growing crops and for grazing cattle. Additionally, trees are used as a source of fuel, as they are converted to charcoal in order to be used in cooking and heating purposes.EffectsErosion of soil as the forests are removed, the soil is countenancing the sun, causing dryness to the soil and losing its nutrients. As a result, it will be impossible to cultivate again. flutter of the Water Cycle trees helps maintaining the balance of water in the ecosystem, as the trees are removed, the weather gets drier and unhealthy.Flooding and Drought One of the vital functions of forests is to absorb and strain great amounts of water quickly when there are heavy rains. When forests are cut down, this regulation of the flow of water is disrupted, which leads to alternating periods of flood and then drought in the af fected area.Climate Change It is well known that global warming is being caused largely due to emissions of green domicile gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, what is not known quite as well is that deforestation has a direction association with carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Trees act as a major storage end point for carbon, since they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is then used to produce carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that make up trees. When deforestation occurs, many of the trees are burnt or they are allowed to rot, which results in relinquish the carbon that is stored in them as carbon dioxide. This, in turn, leads to greater concentrations of carbon.Case study of air Pollution in UAEA case study had been conducted to study the burden of diseases in UAE in long and short terms. There study the Impact of the Particulate Matter (PM) and Ozone (O3) in ambient air and how it going to affect flock in the region. The World Health Organization defined that the total death due to Particulate Matter was 200, but didnt report the diseases due to other air pollutants. As results, theses study has been conducted in order to clarify the number disease due to other pollutant. Other status that relate to some effect to people by air such as smoking habit, health care statues, working and living environment are not considered. Firstly, the researcher of this study studied the PM and O3 in UAE as shown in the next two figures.Figure A contour map show PM concentration in UAEFigure A contour map show O3 concentration in UAEThe next part of the study was to see number of death people in the region due to the between 545 (542 adults and 3 children) has diseases from PM, 209 (208 adults and 1 children) has a dead from it and 162 death from the O3 effects over the past 30 year the next two figures show the percentage of death including some uncertainties.Figure chart show causes and death by PMFigure chart show c auses and death by O3Method and discussionAs the research is limited to UAE region, the group was going to allocate sources related to the UAE region.The sources was books, online books, journals and online journals, as the group located some books that discuss the air pollution problems such as, the major causes of air pollution in UAE and the effects of these causes on the UAE residents. In addition, some of the article had been seen some of the cause and effect in UAE. Also, the researcher team searched and found of some of the air pollution that affected the region. As allocation of credible evidence to the problem is required, the team searched for statistical data such as Chemical element emissions in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.After the group finishes the causes and effects of air pollution allocation, we will suggest solutions that can be utilise for better future and healthier generations. The following table showed that amount of work we did in the Multidisciplinary final cause s. In addition, the project chart flow has been included by PRIMAVERA to be more a lear image of the duration of the project which hold up from October 13th, 2010 and finished at January 16th, 2011 with total of 98 days.Duration (Days)Activity DescriptionEarly StartEarly FinishLate StartLate Finish6Making the Tasks13-Oct-1020-Oct-1013-Oct-1020-Oct-1010Background of the Topic21-Oct-103-Nov-1021-Oct-103-Nov-108Time Limitation4-Nov-1015-Nov-104-Nov-1015-Nov-1018Study Cause of Air pollution in UAE21-Nov-1014-Dec-1021-Nov-1014-Dec-1018Case Studies21-Nov-1014-Dec-1028-Nov-1021-Dec-1020Study Effect of Air pollution in UAE21-Nov-1016-Dec-1021-Nov-1016-Dec-1010statistical Data22-Dec-104-Jan-1122-Dec-104-Jan-115Making Recommendation5-Jan-1111-Jan-115-Jan-1111-Jan-113Making Written and Oral Presentation12-Jan-1116-Jan-1112-Jan-1116-Jan-11Table Timeline of the ScheuleFigure A flow Chart of the ProjectResultsIn order to know the quality of air in the UAE, statistical data about the amounts of pollutants emissions was retrieved for analysis. However, working with statistical data raises two problems first is truth and second reliability. Since, statistical data are collected from samples, it is very definitive to have both accurate and reliable data if the results were to be generalized over the whole population. To ensure that our data are as accurate and reliable as possible we used governmental statistics center of Abu Dhabi and Dubai to find our results.The results found focuses on the emission of three main pollutants which are Carbon monoxide, Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide. Moreover, the results cover two main cities in the UAE, Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Since, the research is limited to five years the results cover the years 2005 to 2009. Because statistical data need time to be gathered and published by the government, the emission results for the year 2010 were not included in the research. Furthermore, the city of Abu Dhabi was divided into three main areas, main city Abu Dhabi, Al-Ain and Western Region. Dubai, on the other hand, was divided into six main areas, which are Diera, Safa, AlKaramah, Mushrif, Jabel Ali Village and Jabel Ali Port.Analyzing these results will show the exact amounts of pollution in each part, which will help in identifying the areas with the highest pollution levels. Knowing that, the recovery from pollution should be concentrated in these regions. Since, the results cover the last five years we can know the trends in the emission of pollutants. This helps in identifying the areas were the pollution increases and the rate at which it increases. These results are very grand in our research because it focuses our concentration in fewer areas which is more practical. Note that all the pollution levels are found in micrograms per meter cube (mcg/m3) and na means not-available.Carbon monoxide (CO)Abu Dhabi Only available data from 2007 to 2009200720082009Abu Dhabi5.410.510.72Al Ain5.727.913.3Western Regionnanana Table CO emission in Abu DhabiDubai20052006200720082009Deira1.63.45.49.610.9Safa1.33.65.58.810.8AlKaramah1.84.24.11.1MushrifJabel Ali VillageJabel Ali PortTable CO Emission in DubaiSulfur dioxide (SO2)Abu Dhabi Only available data from 2007 to 2009200720082009Abu Dhabi149173.1330Al Ain86123.431Western Region161124179Table SO2 Emission in Abu DhabiDubai20052006200720082009Deira0.090.0170.0270.0180.006SafaAlKaramahMushrifJabel Ali Village0.0220.120.024Jabel Ali Port0.0340.0210.0190.021Table SO2 Emission in DubaiNitrogen dioxide (NO2)Abu Dhabi Only available data from 2007 to 2009200720082009Abu Dhabi278187.4321.0Al Ain271147.2234Western Region19272.6289Table NO2 Emission in Abu DhabiDubai20052006200720082009Deira0.4920.3020.2250.113Safa0.2610.0910.3190.3190.063AlKaramah0.4450.3060.091MushrifJabel Ali Village0.4390.3060.230.2170.067Jabel Ali Port0.3060.3060.1730.117Table NO2 Emission in DubaiConclusions and RecommendationsConclusionsThere is no doubt that air pollution is one o f the severe problems that people are facing nowadays and want strongly to get rid of. There is one question that the research team members have asked themselves regularly and the question is Why have we decided to choose the air pollution topic to be our project to talk about in the English 207 course? the answer of this question has been clarified and verified due to the importance of the topic and its widespread facts that the world is concerning about these days. Getting the definition, the causes, the effects of the air pollution, the team has already got in love with the topic of air pollution and strongly wanted to write about it and search about it more to know the real facts beyond this topic. The air pollution is a problem including and concerning each individual in this world. During Industry, combustion of engines, burning coal, smoking and emissions of green gasses are exceeding the limits and increasing the percentage of the air pollution. But as far as the EPA has a g roup that is concerning with its difficult task to help this polluted air from the humanity risk, the air is getting its freshness and cleanness. Dont you think that it is our mission also to support the EPA group and stop the humanity risk from the air pollution risks, so lets be one hand combing the seriousness of this topic to avoid the risks on this polluted air to be more worse than this. We cannot say that people can eliminate this issue completely because humans industry doesnt finish and his/her greed to get more is increasing day after day snub the case of their polluting the air that we are breathing. So, we can minimize this phenomenon by reducing these emissions and polluting factors of the air.RecommendationsIt is a very crucial step to point out that each project has been done, is being done or will be done is ending with some results. These results are either satisfied with the humans nature or unsatisfied. The project that has been done by our research team shows so me results that are unsuitable for the human beings, this environment and also to a very important kind of humanity which is the humanity resources. Nobody can deny that air pollution has severe problems on humans environment and can perfectly damage humans life. What is be of this damaged environment and this polluted air that we are breathing? People are supportinging in resolving their faults and they are in anxiety to keep this environment clean to be proper to live in. In fact, the results of the project are followed by some recommendations created or found by the research team to show how to keep a good humanity environment and having good humanity resources. As it has been shown that most of the natural resources and also humans are affected by the air pollution and this has been shown in this project in the term of effects of air pollution on humanity. The mankind can cause a lot of destruction to himself/herself and can reduce a lot of this destruction he/she has done. It is obligatory and a crucial task for anyone of us to keep this environment clean to live in and to let others live in in a proper way. To reduce these effects on humanity, the research team has done some kind of suggestions and recommendations that could properly reduce the effects of the causes of the air pollution as follows*Steps to reduce the level of Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and other green gasses causing air pollutionDoing a regular vehicle maintenance and this to reduce the percentage of the Carbon Monoxide and Dioxide coming out of the cars exhaust.Reducing the percentage of burning trash and coal which are producing most of the Carbon Dioxide and then affecting the Ozone layer and increasing the percentage of the Acid rain.Reducing the Green house Gas emissions including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, and other harmful gasses causing the temperature increasing and then the global warming.Trying hard and putting all efforts to use the clean renewable and non polluting sources.Getting help from engineers to invent new technologies that are friendly to the environment such as the solar car that is powered and used in many cities nowadays. The solar cars could perfectly decrease the percentage of the emissions of either the Carbon Monoxide or Carbon Dioxide that are produced from millions of regular combustion cars engines.The most important is to stop smoking in order to decrease the Carbon Monoxide in the air.Also, people can use recycled products in order to decrease the global warming in the world.Following the EPA rules (Environmental Protection Agency). The EPA has done a lot of steps in the case of reducing the air pollution following the steps shown above. The EPA has proved that the air pollution is still growing by 10% even the steps are followed.The most important thing that could be done by the human himself/herself is warning people regarding the enormous bad effects of the air pollution. Also, they can give some lectures that advising people to reduce the percentage of the air pollution through some statistically and theoretically useful data, lectures and workshops.References1Statistical Yearbook of Abu Dhabi 2010,Statictics centre Abu Dhabi, January 2011.2Ying Li et al., Burden of disease attributed to anthropogenic air pollution in the United Arab Emirates Estimates based on observed air quality data,Science of the Total Environment, vol. 408, no. 2010, pp. 5784 5793, August 2010.3(2010, July) UAE Export and Directly. Online. HYPERLINK http//www.uaeexportdirectory.com/en/ResultStat.aspx http//www.uaeexportdirectory.com/en/ResultStat.aspx4(2010, December) Air Pollution Indicators at Monitoring Sites Emirate of Dubai. Pdf File.5(2010, October) Enviremntal Preotection Agency. Online. HYPERLINK http//www.epa.gov/ http//www.epa.gov/6(2010, November) Intelligent Life of Deforestation. Online. HYPERLINK http//www.buzzle.com/articles/causes-and-effects-of-deforestation.htm l http//www.buzzle.com/articles/causes-and-effects-of-deforestation.html7(2009, Febraury) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2). Online. HYPERLINK http//www.airqualityontario.com/science/pollutants/sulphur.cfm http//www.airqualityontario.com/science/pollutants/sulphur.cfm8(2007, April) Agency for toxic subtances and Diease Registry. Online. HYPERLINK http//www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts175.html http//www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts175.html9(2010, July) Ministry of Enviromental and Water. Online. HYPERLINK http//www.moew.gov.ae/Ar/InformationCenter/Pages/ManufacturesGuide.aspx http//www.moew.gov.ae/Ar/InformationCenter/Pages/ManufacturesGuide.aspx

Diet and Nutrition Case Study

Diet and Nutrition Case StudyWarda Abdulkadir AhmedDiet and DigestionTAQ 1)3 day repast conception for meaning(a) motherThis meal plan for an expectant mother was designed as firstly the calorie intake needful daily is increased to supply the placenta and growing baby the required energy to grow healthily. An estimated 300 more calories in the second and third trimesters. I devote chosen foods high in iron and folic acid as these are needed in abundance by both mother and baby. A pregnant woman needs 60mg of protein and 1200mg of calcium I have sought to incorporate this finished lean servings of heart and fish daily as well as porridge oats with milk.Three day meal plan for elderly male patientNutrition is an important determinant of health in an elderly person. I chose this meal plan as the meals are low in red-hot, refined sugar and sodium, and high in essential nutrients such as fibre, vitamins and minerals. Following this meal plan helps the individual avoid gout, stroke, high rakehell pressure, heart disease arthritis, cancer, respiratory disorders, and difficulty in passing stools, obesity and type 2 diabetes. One major concern in an elderly person is obtaining sufficient fluid intake.3 day meal plan for Teenage AthleteCase in doom average height and weight of 17 year old male to be 510 and 10 st onenesss/63 kg This body slew index falls in the 50th percentile of the mean averageTaking into account average male calorific requirement (2500 calories), this is to be exceeded by around 35 65 % based on exceeded average energy expenditure for athletic performance/training as well as a general faster metabolic rate for a teenage male opposed to a mature male. The meal plan incorporates 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day and a higher than average protein content mostly made up of chicken and fish and only one portion of red meat as to reach the protein threshold from a higher proportion of red meat is deemed generally as unhealthy, causing e t rulyplace a long stop consonant higher personal line of credit pressure and increased risk of endure and bowel cancer. Due to the athletic activities to be undertaken there is an emphasis on consuming fluids and an spare and varied selection of carbohydrates is consumed daily. The pabulum is low in saturated fat and sugarTAQ 2)Type 2 diabetes can result from an inadequate diet, an inadequate diet can be defined as a deficiency, and a deficiency can be too great or too little of one specific food group in a healthy diet. Too much sugar in a persons diet is a major factor in contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes. Specifically sucrose, sucrose and sugar are not actually required by the body so their consumption can be deemed as a deficiency in itself. Furthermore the excess consumption of sugar can entice to an increase in weight and obesity which in turn increases the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Higher than normal blood glucose levels cumulatively over a long period leads to insulin resistance.Atherosclerosis, the clogging of the arteries can be a secondary effect of having type 2 diabetes but in most cases is caused by too high a fat content in ones diet, more specifically consuming too much saturated fat often found in processed foods and a insufficiency of unsaturated fats with high density lipids and beneficial cholesterol lowering effect on the body. A diet with a frequency of fruit and vegetables has a negating effect as well as oily fish, nuts and seeds, sunflower and seed oils.Rickets is normally caused by a lack of vitamin D and/or calcium. Physiologically most of our vitamin D comes from sunlight not our food and the process of calcium absorption is very dependent on vitamin D levels in the body. However we do garner some vitamin D from food. Eggs, oily fish and cereals are all good sources of vitamin D and deficiencies in these food types regardless of UV exposure could contribute to the onset of rickets. Milk and oth er dairy products have the highest calcium content and a lack of dairy as well as green vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage can have a detrimental effect on calcium uptake in the body.TAQ 3)Digestion is necessary as it breaks down the size of food to make digestion a more efficient process food is lowly down into smaller constituent parts so the surface area for the active sites for enzymes to occur increases. Proteins are worried down into peptides, which are then broken down into single amino acids that allow absorption into the bloodstream through the small intestine. Absorption occurs when the food enters the body as the food molecules pass through a layer of cells and into the bodies tissues. This occurs in the small intestine which has many villi that are specialised for absorption. Assimilation occurs when the food molecules becomes part of the bodies tissue.b)TAQ 5)The digestive tract, consisting of the stomach, small and large intestines. The stomach is made of three layers of smooth muscle fibres, an outer layer of longitudinal fibres middle layer of flyer fibres and an inner layer of oblique muscle fibres. This brass allows for the churning effect of stomachic activity.When the stomach is empty the mucous membrane lining is thrown into folds or rugae when the stomach has contents these folds are ironed out.Numerous gastric glands are situated below the surface in the mucuous membrane.The small intestine also has layers,the peritoneum is a double layer and connects the jejunum and ileum to the abdominal wall.The attatchment is short and fan shaped,large blood vessels and nerves pass between the two layers.Their is also a mucousa present here it contains villi and microvill it has a large surface area and many folds.Their are circular folds which act to mix chyme,the villi in this mucousal layer contibute to final stages of digestion.There are also lymph nodes within the mucousa which release defense cells against ingested antigens.The large intestine also has a mucosa made of simple columnar epithelial tissue. The mucosa is smooth, unlike the small intestine lacks villi however it does have a large number of mucous glands secreting mucous secretion into the hollow lumen as to lubricate the surface of the large intestine and protect it from rough food particles. Surrounding the mucosa is a layer of blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue, the submucosa, which is there to support the other layers of the large intestine.The muscularis layer surrounds the submucosa and contains many layers of visceral muscle cells that contract and move the large intestine.Finally, the serosa forms the outmost layer. The serosa is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue that secretes watery serous fluid to lubricate the surface of the large intestine. protecting it from detrition between abdominal organs and the surrounding muscles and bones of the lower torso.ReferencesGerard J. Tortola, Mark Nielsen Principles of Human manikin, 13th Edition December 2013 2014http//www.valuepenguin.com/nutrition. Last accessed 10/03/2015John Evans, Alison Lansley and Michael J. Sanderson, (2006), biological science A levelRichard Parsons (2010) AS/A2 Level Biology AQA Complete Revision PracticeSmith, A. (2012). Get instant biology help. Available http//www.tutorvista.com/biology/ Last accessed 05/03/2015Waugh, Anne and Grant, Allison (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and physiology in health and illness. (10th edition). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Women’s Bodies in Taoism Essay -- Religion Religious Essays

Womens Bodies in TaoismI would rather live in a world where my life is surrounded by mystery than live in a world so small that my mind could comprehend it. This all-powerful statement by Henry Emerson Fosdick so simply defines the concept of a common Chinese religion. Taoism is a religion practiced by many Asians and by people around the world. It is a religion that is so beautifully complex and yet based on principle as simple as living in and out. This paper will outline some basic information on the Taoist tradition, examine the views of the female body in Taoism as presented by Barbara Reed and my own critique of the tradition will be provided.A brief history of Taoism is required in order for us to pursue these goals. To dismount with, Taoism originated from a man named Lao Tzu. He wanted to deeply come to an understanding of how one could induce human beings to live together. Tradition says that he positive such a theory but there was no one around to listen to him . In turn, he hopped on his water buffalo and rode to Tibet. When he arrived, he found a border guard and Lao Tzu taught the guard his philosophy. The guard agreed with all Lao Tzu stated and he encouraged Lao Tzu to write his teachings down.The word Tao means The way. This is the entire basis of the Taoist tradition, finding harmony, living peaceably and being creative during the flow of nature. Taoists have a goal as living life for the wayand achieving immortality.The Taoist tradition has two sacred texts. Both of these texts extol the way of nature as the racecourse of happiness. says Barbara Reed in Women in World Religions.(161) The Tao te ching is the basic text for Taoism. It has been translated to mean The Way an... ... History, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1970. Reed, Barbara, Taoism, Sharma, Arvind, eds. Women in World Religions, State University of in the buff York Press, Albany, NY, 1987.Schipper, Kristofer, The Taoist Body, University of California Berkley and Los Angeles, CA, 1993.Smith, Houston, The Worlds Religions, HarperCollins, San Francisco, CA, 1991.Tortchinov, Evgueni A., The Doctrine of the Mysterious Female in Taoism a Transpersonalist View, Department of Philosophy, St. Petersburg State University,Russia, reprinted from, Everything is According to the Way Voices of Russian Transpersonalism, Bolda-Lok publication & Educational Enterprises, Brisbane, Australia, 1997. http//etor.h1.ru/mystfem.htmlYoung, Serinity, eds. An Anthology of Sacred Texts By And About Women, The Crossroad Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1993.

Holography: From Physics to The Big Screen Essay -- Cinematography

The technical evolution of film industry is one notable hold of modern civilization. The innovation of combining motion pictures with recorded sound. Black-and-white film gradually replaced by the colour motion picture film and the visual return involve the integration of live-action footage and computer generated imagery to create a scenes which look realistic, but would be dangerous, costly or impossible to be recorded and the popularisation of three-dimensional cinema. The developments of technique contribute the film industry to get closer to peoples perception, however, in the real life. The observation of objects would change if we look from dissimilar distance and angle. And this experience of perception butt endnot be done in film. Because of the lack of stereoscopic impression of film images, it limits our sense so that the actual we see exponent be different.In 1920s, Sergei Eisenstein had predicted that the future of cinematography was tridimensional and there are ma ny other film pioneers hold the same view. What most film histories leave tabu is that the Lumire Brothers were trying to achieve a three-dimensional image, Louis Lumire eventually re-shot LArrive dun Train with a stereoscopic film tv camera and exhibited it (along with a series of other 3D shorts) at French Academy of Science. The films were shot in two views of the scene and then printing the film in two different colors and combining them with layered film on one reel.S3D (Stereoscopic 3D) film with better use of polarization systems were invited in 1930s and shown in the public in 1950s, however, after this initial huge excitement, S3D films were not widely recognized. Although the polarized stereoscopic film technology have been improved in all possible... ...nounced that they veritable a generator of holograms on a board with a circuit that generates holograms on the LCD panel.The holography had demonstrated its potential. Now holograms are not so hostile future any more. The idea of the holographic movies started becoming popular among filmmakers. Andrei Tarkovsky said, The most important thing for cinema is for it to become holographic. A hologram basin be made not only with the light waves of a laser, but also with sound waves and other waves in the electro-magnetic spectrum. Acoustical holography can see through and through solid objects by using sound waves. Microwave holography detects images by recording the objects radio waves. Some holograms made with ultraviolet light can record an image of particle such as atom or molecule.Holography is one of the most significant discoveries humankind has ever made.